Neste módulo, você vai encontrar um texto sobre Thomas Edison. Acompanham o texto algumas questões (com sugestões de respostas), além de material de apoio (vocabulário e apostila gramatical) e material complementar (vídeos, jogos, animações, etc.). A apostila gramatical deste módulo aborda o passado simples (verbos regulares). Bons estudos!
Observação: A apostila gramatical do Módulo 11 também é sobre passado simples, mas é mais abrangente, pois aborda os verbos regulares e irregulares (além do verbo to be).
Thomas Edison was born in 1847 and died in 1931. Young Tom wasn’t a good student in school, so his mother decided to teach him at home. Tom was a curious boy. He always wanted to know how things worked. Tom tried out his ideas and invented lots of things in his own laboratory. Edison’s most famous invention was the light bulb. At the time, people used gas or oil lamps to light their homes. He worked on his idea a long time. He tried a lot of things that didn’t work. Finally, one day it worked! Today, you can flip a switch and have light any time you want it. Edison also invented the phonograph and the movie camera. When you go to the movies and watch TV, you can thank him for his ideas and hard work. Inventing things was what Edison liked best. He said that invention was “one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration”.
1 – Coloque verdadeiro (V) ou falso (F) nas sentenças abaixo, com base nas informações do texto:
a) Thomas Edison nasceu em 1847 e morreu em 1931.
b) Thomas Edison era um dos melhores alunos da escola.
c) A mãe de Thomas Edison decidiu dar aulas para ele em casa porque a escola era fraca.
d) Thomas Edison era curioso e queria saber como as coisas funcionavam.
e) Thomas Edison tinha um laboratório só dele.
f) Antes da invenção da lâmpada, as pessoas viviam no escuro.
g) Thomas Edison inventou a lâmpada em pouco tempo.
h) Thomas Edison também inventou o fonógrafo e a câmera filmadora.
i) Thomas Edison dizia que inventar era fruto de pura inspiração.
2 – Qual a diferença entre lamp e light bulb? Qual das duas coisas foi inventada por Thomas Edison?
3 – Thomas Edison disse que inventar era “one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration”. Explique essa frase.
4 – Que tempo verbal (pretérito / presente / futuro) predomina no texto? Por que esse tempo verbal é utilizado?
5 – Observe as palavras a seguir, todas retiradas do texto: decided, died, invented, liked, tried, used, wanted, worked. Agora responda: Em que tempo verbal esses verbos estão conjugados? São verbos regulares ou irregulares? Por quê?
6 – Complete as lacunas abaixo com o verbo que está entre parênteses. Não vale olhar no texto!
Thomas Edison was born in 1847 and (die) in 1931. Young Tom wasn't a good student in school, so his mother (decide) to teach him at home. Tom was a curious boy. He always (want) to know how things (work). Tom (try) out his ideas and (invent) lots of things in his own laboratory. Edison’s most famous invention was the light bulb. At the time, people (use) gas or oil lamps to light their homes. He (work) on his idea a long time. He (try) a lot of things that (work - negative). Finally, one day it (work)! Today, you can flip a switch and have light any time you want it. Edison also (invent) the phonograph and the movie camera. When you go to the movies and watch TV, you can thank him for his ideas and hard work. Inventing things was what Edison (like) best. He said that invention was “one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration”.
RESPOSTAS SUGERIDAS (clique em "exibir")
1 – a) Verdadeiro ("Thomas Edison was born in 1847 and died in 1931").
b) Falso. Thomas Edison não era um bom aluno na escola ("Tom wasn’t a good student in school").
c) Falso. A mãe de Thomas Edison decidiu dar aulas para ele em casa, porque ele não era um bom aluno na escola (e não porque a escola era fraca).
d) Verdadeiro ("Tom was a curious boy. He always wanted to know how things worked").
e) Verdadeiro ("Tom tried out his ideas and invented lots of things in his own laboratory").
f) Falso. De acordo com o texto, antes da invenção da lâmpada, as pessoas usavam lampiões ("At the time, people used gas or oil lamps to light their homes").
g) Falso. Thomas Edison ficou um bom tempo trabalhando no projeto da lâmpada até conseguir fazer com que ela funcionasse ("He worked on his idea a long time").
h) Verdadeiro ("Edison also invented the phonograph and the movie camera").
i) Falso. Thomas Edison dizia que inventar era 1% inspiração e 99% transpiração ("He said that invention was 'one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration'").
2 – Light bulb significa "lâmpada incandescente". Lamp significa "lamparina" ou "lampião". Sendo assim, Thomas Edison inventou a light bulb (lâmpada).
3 – Traduzindo, essa frase significa que inventar é 1% inspiração e 99% transpiração. Transpiração está no sentido figurado, significando "esforço" e "dedicação". Ou seja, para Thomas Edison, inventar é fruto de muito esforço e dedicação. Sendo assim, a "inspiração" não foi um fator importante para ele.
4 – Predomina o passado (pretérito), pois o texto é sobre Thomas Edison, uma pessoa que viveu no passado e que já morreu. Portanto, o tempo verbal predominante é o passado, pois o texto é sobre eventos passados.
5 – Todos os verbos estão conjugados no passado. São verbos regulares porque terminam com "ed".
6 – Thomas Edison was born in 1847 and died in 1931. Young Tom wasn’t a good student in school, so his mother decided to teach him at home. Tom was a curious boy. He always wanted to know how things worked. Tom tried out his ideas and invented lots of things in his own laboratory. Edison’s most famous invention was the light bulb. At the time, people used gas or oil lamps to light their homes. He worked on his idea a long time. He tried a lot of things that didn’t work. Finally, one day it worked! Today, you can flip a switch and have light any time you want it. Edison also invented the phonograph and the movie camera. When you go to the movies and watch TV, you can thank him for his ideas and hard work. Inventing things was what Edison liked best. He said that invention was “one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration”.
VOCABULÁRIO
Glossário monolíngue (inglês-inglês)
also: in addition. always: every time, all the time or forever. die: to stop living or existing, either suddenly or slowly (past: died). finally: after a long time or some difficulty. flip: to turn something over quickly. gas: a substance in a form like air that is used as a fuel for heating and cooking; a liquid fuel; petrol. hard: needing or using a lot of physical or mental effort. home: the house, apartment, etc. where you live, especially with your family. how: in what way; by what methods. inspiration: a sudden good idea; someone or something that gives you ideas for doing something. invent: to design and/or create something which has never been made before (past: invented). know: to have information in your mind. lamp: a device for giving light, especially one that has a covering or is contained within something; any of various devices that produce particular types of light. light: the brightness that comes from the sun, fire, etc. and from electrical devices, and that allows things to be seen; to produce light which makes an object or area bright or easy to see. light bulb: a rounded glass container with a thin thread of metal inside which produces light when an electric current goes through it. oil: a thick liquid that comes from under the Earth's surface which is used as a fuel; petroleum (= the black oil obtained from under the Earth's surface from which petrol comes). own: belonging to a particular person. people: men, women and children; used to refer to persons in general. perspiration: sweat (= colourless liquid passed through the skin); effort. switch: a small device, usually pushed up or down with your finger, that controls and turns on or off an electric current. teach: to give someone knowledge or to train someone; to instruct. thank: to express to someone that you are pleased about or are grateful for something that they have done. things: a particular set of objects. try (out): to test something to see if it is suitable or useful or if it works (past: tried). use: to put something such as a tool, skill or building to a particular purpose (past: used). want: to wish for a particular thing or plan of action (past: wanted). work: to arrange for something to happen, especially by not using official methods and/or by being clever; if a machine or device works, it operates, especially correctly and without failure (past: worked). young: having lived or existed for only a short time and not old. be born: when a person or animal is born, they come out of their mother's body and start to exist (past: was/were born).
O passado simples geralmente é usado para expressar uma ação concluída no passado em um tempo definido. Também usamos o passado simples para expressar uma ação que não tem nenhuma relação com o presente.
Observação: Embora o passado simples seja usado para falar de um tempo definido no passado, nem sempre essa especificação de tempo passado estará explícita na frase. Muitas vezes, ela está subentedida.
Por exemplo:
[When Thomas was young] He wasn’t a good student in school. [Quando Thomas era jovem] Ele não era um bom aluno na escola.
2. Construção das formas afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa
A seguir, mostraremos como é a construção da forma afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa em inglês, no passado simples, com verbos de ação.
2.1 AFIRMATIVA Sujeito + verbo (passado) + complemento.
Exemplos: Iliked the text about Thomas Edison. Youwantedto know how things worked. Thomas Edisoninvented the light bulb. She decidedto teach him at home. Itworked! Wetried to invent the phonograph. Theyused gas or oil lamps to light their homes.
2.2 INTERROGATIVA Did + sujeito + verbo (infinitivo) + complemento ?
Exemplos: Did Ilike the text about Thomas Edison? Didyouwantto know how things worked? DidThomas Edisoninvent the light bulb? Didshe decideto teach him at home? Diditwork? Didwetry to invent the phonograph? Didtheyuse gas or oil lamps to light their homes?
2.3 NEGATIVA Sujeito + did + not + verbo(infinitivo) + complemento.
Exemplos: Idid not like the text about Thomas Edison. Youdid not wantto know how things worked. Thomas Edisondid not invent the light bulb. She did not decideto teach him at home. Itdid not work! Wedid not try to invent the phonograph. Theydid not use gas or oil lamps to light their homes.
2.4 Contração possível:
Did not = didn’t
2.5 Observação:
Nas formas negativa e interrogativa, surge o verbo auxiliar “to do”, que acompanha o verbo principal da oração. No tempo passado, o verbo “to do” realiza-se como “did”, e o verbo principal passa a ter a forma infinitiva, sem flexões. A redundância é evitada: a marca do passado só aparece no verbo auxiliar, e não no verbo principal. Para maiores informações sobre verbos auxiliares, consulte a apostila gramatical do Módulo 25.
3. Passado dos verbos regulares
Os verbos em inglês podem ser divididos em dois grandes grupos: regulares e irregulares. Iremos focar aqui nos verbos regulares. Para maiores informações sobre os verbos irregulares, consulte a apostila gramatical do Módulo 11.
Os verbos regulares formam o passado simples e o particípio passado com o acréscimo do sufixo ed à forma infinitiva.
Exemplos:
defend → defended
follow → followed
invent → invented
want → wanted
work → worked
Há, contudo, alguns casos especiais:
Verbos terminados em e → + d.
Exemplos:
decide → decided
die → died
like → liked
use → used
Verbos terminados em vogal seguida de y → + ed.
Exemplo:
stay → stayed
Verbos terminados em consoante seguida de y → - y + ied.
Exemplo:
study → studied
try → tried
Verbos terminados em CVC (consoante - vogal tônica - consoante) → repete-se a consoante final e acrescenta-se ed.
Neste jogo, você tem 30 segundos para responder 10 questões. Todas envolvem passado simples (verbos regulares e irregulares). Será que você consegue acertar tudo?
2. Complete as frases
No exercício abaixo, você deve completar as frases com as palavras dadas. Todas essas palavras são verbos regulares no passado simples.
3. Exercício - Pronúncia
No exercício abaixo, você deve separar os verbos de acordo com a pronúncia correta do som final: /t/, /d/ ou /id/. Para servir de ajuda, você pode assistir no YouTube o vídeo "How to Read and Write the Past Tense of Regular English Verbs",que traz uma boa explicação sobre as regras de ortografia e pronúncia dos verbos regulares em inglês (o vídeo não possui legendas).
MATERIAL COMPLEMENTAR
Vídeo: Assista abaixo ao vídeo "Thomas Edison: A Life of Invention", para conhecer um pouco mais sobre Thomas Edison (o vídeo não possui legendas).
Vídeo: Assista ao vídeo "How to Read and Write the Past Tense of Regular English Verbs", para ver uma boa explicação sobre as regras de ortografia e pronúncia dos verbos regulares em inglês (o vídeo não possui legendas).
Exercícios - Coloque na ordem correta: Neste exercício, você deve arrastar as palavras, colocando-as na ordem correta, a fim de formar frases na interrogativa. Todas as frases apresentam o tempo verbal passado simples. Exercícios 01 e 02.
